Linux Essentials 2nd Edition Pdf – Windows Server 2019 is a server operating system introduced by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems, developed at the same time as Windows 10. This book will not only get you started with Windows Server 2019, but also help you prepare for MTA. 98-365 examination. With step-by-step instructions and easy-to-understand graphics, you will become familiar with Windows Server 2019 roles, features and functions. Starting with the installation process, updates and basic configuration, you will continue. To discover roles and features such as Active Directory, Hyper-V, remote access, storage and printers. The book then walks you through maintenance and troubleshooting tasks to guide you in effectively managing Windows Server 2019. Additionally, it covers Windows Server 2019 best practices with real-world examples. Complete with quizzes, and detailed answers at the end of the book, you can test your understanding of the concepts covered in each chapter. By the end of this book, you will be equipped with the knowledge you need to troubleshoot, update, and maintain servers to ensure business continuity.
This chapter is designed to give you an introduction to Windows Server in general, and Windows Server 2019 in particular. Windows Server 2019, the new version of Microsoft OS for servers, is the successor of Windows Server 2016. In addition to an introduction to Windows Server, at the beginning of this chapter, you will find an overview of the most basic concepts of computer networking. . This chapter is divided into two parts; Each section provides a brief but comprehensive explanation of these concepts.
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Definitions such as hosts, nodes, peer-to-peer and clients/servers are explained in the section Understanding Computer Networks. Windows Server 2019 is in the Windows Server Overview section of Understanding Servers. Finally, if you are familiar with the requirements of Windows Server 2019 in general and Windows Server 2019 in particular, through the chapter exercises you can download Windows Server 2019 and create installation media. Have an option.
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It all started a few years ago when the need to share resources became a necessity. As time passed and demands increased, computer networking technologies developed and improved. With this, more computers were connected to computer networks and geographical distances in terms of communication were reduced. This has created a need for well-defined terms and concepts to describe computer networks. Therefore, different types of computer networks, network topologies, structures and components have emerged.
From my experience, people often confuse what a computer network is with what a computer network does. While the former explains what a computer network is, the latter shows the benefits of a computer network. In Figure 1.1, we can see that a computer network is a group of computers connected together to share resources. Resources are usually data, network services and peripherals:
Generally, the classification of computer networks consists of the area they cover and the purpose they serve. Some of the most popular types of computer networks today are described in the following sections.
A private area network (Figure 1.2) is a computer network used to connect and transfer information between devices in a private area that is partially or completely protected from outside access. Bluetooth and Wi-Fi are the most common communication technologies used to connect devices in a PAN. Often a PAN is also known as a Home Area Network (HAN):
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Another type of network is the local area network (LAN). However, its coverage is much larger than PAN. Let’s learn more about it in the next section.
A LAN (Figure 1.3) is a computer network that connects two or more computers in a local area. Try to understand the local team as a single room, a floor, several floors, buildings or several buildings as far as the Ethernet communication technology allows. A LAN usually uses a central device that uses twisted pair, coaxial, or fiber optic cables as the network media to connect computers:
Another type of network we are looking at is the Metropolitan Area Network (MAN). Its coverage is even more than LAN.
In contrast to a LAN, a MAN (Figure 1.4) represents a group of LANs interconnected within the geographical boundaries of a town or city. Today, fiber optic and Gigabit Layer 3 switches are used to connect LANs and transfer traffic between them, as seen in the figure below:
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Like a MAN, an AWAN (as shown in Figure 1.5) is a computer network that covers a wide geographic area with communication lines such as telephone lines, leased lines, or satellites. WANs cover large geographical areas and as such they have no geographical limitations. The Internet is a classic example of a WAN:
Now that we understand the different types of computer networks, let’s look at the main components of these networks.
Just as computers have components, computer networks also have components. Usually, while computers and peripherals are familiar to most people, components such as network devices, network media and network operating systems (NOS) are known by IT professionals.
Let’s assume that a network resource is a reference point for the client and the server. Then, in a computer network, clients usually request access to resources. On the other hand, servers are responsible for providing resources and managing access to these resources. Both clients and servers play an active role in a computer network. In Figure 1.6, a server provides print resources to computers in the resource request role with a directly connected printer:
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Interestingly, the origin of the word server comes from the word service. If you search for the word service in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, among the results, you will find one that says: providing services that benefit or help. From this we can think of a server in a computer network as a computer. Provide services to customers. Therefore, the server serves the clients.
Although clients and servers are the most important elements of a computer network, it depends on hosts and nodes. Let’s see how it fits into this structure.
Have you ever heard terms like hosts and nodes and wondered what they are? Although our first impression might make us think they are the same thing, they are not! While all hosts can be nodes, not every node can act as a host. Therefore, a host is any device with an IP address assigned to its network interface that requests or provides network resources on the network. Typically, clients, servers, and routers act as hosts.
An Internet Protocol address, also known as an IP address, is a logical element consisting of numbers assigned to a host’s network interface to identify it on a computer network.
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However, a node is any device that can receive and transmit network resources on a network, but does not have an interface with an IP address assigned to it. Nodes have network interfaces that are used to manage them. In Figure 1.7, computers and file servers act as hosts, while switches act as nodes:
Now that we understand what a network is and its components, we are better equipped to understand its structure.
A computer network architecture represents the design of a computer network that enables network components to communicate with each other. A computer architecture is actually a framework that includes many aspects such as physical and logical topology, network components, communication protocols, and operational principles and procedures. Among the network architectures, the most popular are peer-to-peer (P2P) and client/server.
P2P, often known as a workgroup, is a computer network (see Figure 1.8) in which hosts do not have predefined roles. Instead, they switch roles from client to server, and vice versa, based on their current activities on the network. For example, if PC1 requests a resource from PC2, then PC1 acts as a client and PC2 acts as a server. When PC2 requests a resource from PC1, then PC2 acts as a client and PC1 acts as a server. Typically, PANs provide the best examples of P2P computer networks:
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Peer-to-peer (P2P) network architecture refers to a network model in which hosts or computers are equal in terms of capabilities and responsibilities. That being said, depending on the context, any host can be a client or a server depending on whether it is requesting or providing services on that network.
A client/server, often known as a domain-based network, is a computer network (see earlier Figure 1.7) in which a host has a predefined role. In such a network, hosts that request resources act as clients, while hosts that provide resources act as servers. In general, a client/server network architecture is a network with dedicated servers. In general, LANs, MANs, and WANs represent the best examples of client/server computer networks.
At this point, we know a lot about how the network works. However, for a computer to communicate on the network it needs an IP address. We will learn more about this in the next section.
In order for a computer to be able to communicate on a computer network, it must have an IP address. As explained earlier, an IP address identifies a computer on that network. Moreover, in complex networks,
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